

Vox played its cards well, joining the lawsuit against the Catalan leaders. Territorial tensions between Catalan nationalists (turned successionist) and the Spanish state culminated in an unlawful plebiscite and an unconstitutional unilateral declaration of independence.
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In late 2017 and early 2018, however, everything changed. Vox joined the lawsuit against the Catalan leaders, presenting itself as the most reliable political actor in defence of Spanish territorial integrity While a window of opportunity for new parties did open, leading to rise of the populist left-wing Unidas Podemos and the self-styled liberals Ciudadanos, structures were not in place for a far-right party to make inroads into the evolving party system. Where it did, it attracted only marginal support. Between 20, Vox did not even attempt to run in eight of the 24 electoral contests. On the contrary, these were the years in which the mainstream right-wing People's Party (PP), was at the peak of its powers. In late 2013, the winds of change sweeping through Europe’s party systems had not yet reached Spain. It might be said that Vox was born either at the wrong time or in the wrong place.
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In so doing, it brings to an end Spain’s exceptional status as a country free of the populist radical right. Where other parties of a radical and extreme right flavour previously failed, Vox has succeeded. Vox plays an important ‘kingmaker’ role, and has been an important external supporter of several regional and local governments. Today, Vox boasts 52 MPs in the Spanish Congress, three senators, four members of the European Parliament, 55 regional parliamentarians, 526 local councillors, and five mayors. In that year's regional elections in Andalusia (Spain’s most populous region), the party took home some 11% of the popular vote. Vox's period in the electoral wilderness came to an end in 2018. In the Spanish general elections of 20, it attracted only 0.2% of the vote. Back when it was founded in 2013, however, Vox failed to garner much support. Vox is the new Spanish populist radical right party, and the third-largest party in the country. Its success means the country can no longer claim to be untouched by the rise of the European populist radical right, argue Andrés Santana, Lisa Zanotti, José Rama and Stuart Turnbull-Dugarte Vox has grown to become the third-largest political party in Spain.
